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第八
Pareidolia
空想性错现
Pareidolia is when random images or sounds are perceived as significant. Seeing clouds in the shapes of dinosaurs, Jesus on a hot pocket, or hearing messages when a record is played backward are common examples of pareidolia. The common element is that the stimulus is neutral, it does not have intentional meaning; the meaning is in the viewer’s perception.
空想性错现是指将偶然的影像或声音当成必然。
看到天上的云会觉得像是恐龙、耶稣或是在倒带的时候听到什么声音，着都是常见的空想性错现症状。
这种症状的原理是：中立的外在刺激并没有特殊的内在意义，主要是在于观者的心理。
Interesting Fact: the Rorschach Inkblot test was developed to use pareidolia to tap into people’s mental states. Testees are shown images of ambiguous pictures, and asked to describe what they see. Responses are analyzed to discover the testee’s hidden thoughts.
有趣的发现：罗斯查克-因克布罗特测试可以利用空想性错现患者的精神状态。研究者会给参与测验的人观看一些意义不明的图片，并让他们描述其所见，通过这些就可以分析出测验者的潜在想法。

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第五
Herd Mentality
从众心理
Herd mentality is the tendency to adopt the opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority to feel safer and to avoid conflict. Also known as “Mob Mentality,” this is, at its most common form, peer pressure. Herd mentality explains why fads get so popular. Clothes, cars, hobbies, styles, all it takes is a group of people who think something is cool, and it catches on.
从众心理是指人们会倾向于去采取大多数人认可的观点和行为来寻求安全感，避免冲突。
也被称做“大众心理”，也是其最常见的形式。
从众心理很好的解释了为什么时尚会变得那么流行。
衣服、汽车、爱好、风格，它所起到的作用就是，一批人觉得某样东西很酷，于是大家都去追捧，这就是流行。
Interesting Fact: things that are unattractive, or that would never seem cool or popular now have had huge followings due to herd mentality. Examples include parachute pants, pet rocks, mullets, cone bras, tie-dye, sea monkeys, and the 1980s (by the way, that is an ’80s guy in the picture above).
有趣的发现：因为从众心理的缘故，本来不那么受吸引人或者不那么流行的事物现在都有了大批的追随者，包括降落伞紧身裤，宠物石，胭脂鱼，锥形胸衣，扎染，丰年虾和1980s（顺便说一下，这是一个位于图片上方的80年代的家伙）

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第四
Reactance
感应抵抗
Reactance is the urge to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice. This is common with rebellious teenagers, but any attempt to resist authority due to perceived threats to freedom and/or choice is reactance. The individual may not have a need to do the specific behavior, however the fact that they cannot do it makes them want to.
感应抵抗指的是你会因为想要获得自由而试图逆着人家的意愿做事。
这在叛逆期的青少年中很常见，但是由于所谓的对自由的威胁而做出的任何反抗或选择都属于抗逆。
个人也许并没有必要做一些特定的行为，然而他们不能做的让他们想去做。
Interesting Fact: “reverse psychology” is an attempt to influence people using reactance. Tell someone (particularly children) to do the opposite of what you really want, and they will rebel and actually end up doing what you want.
有趣的发现：“颠倒心理学”就是一种试图用抵抗来影响他人的行为。让他们（特别是孩子）按照你相反的意愿去做，他们一定会反抗，那么结果还是随了你的愿。

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第三
Hyperbolic Discounting
双曲贴现
Hyperbolic discounting is the tendency for people to prefer a smaller, immediate payoff over a larger, delayed payoff. Much research has been done on decision-making, and many factors contribute to the individual decision making process. Interestingly, delay time is a big factor in choosing an alternative. Put simply, most people would choose to get 20 dollars today instead of getting 100 dollars one year from today. Normally it makes sense to choose a greater amount of money immediately than less in the future, as the value of a dollar is worth more today than it is tomorrow. Assume that the interest rate is 9%, at this interest rate, a rational person would be indifferent to taking $91.74 now, or $100 a year from now. However, it isinteresting how much less we are willing to take immediately rather than wait, would you rather have $100 a year from now, or $50 immediately? How about $40 immediately? Where do you draw the line?
双曲贴现指的是人们相较于延迟和复杂的结局更倾向于简洁及时的。
针对人类的决策过程，人们已将作了许多研究，发现有相当多的因素对其有影响。
有意思的是，在决定要做出什么样的选择时，拖延的时间才是最重要的因素。
简单来说，大多数人会选择今天拿20美元，而不是一年后的今天拿到100美元。
事实上，立刻拿到得钱可能比以后拿到的钱数量还多，因为同样数量的钱，在今天的价值是要比日后高的。
假设，利率是9%，那么聪明的人肯定知道当前拿91.74美元和一年后拿100美元诗没有多大区别的。
然而，我还是很想知道一个人为了更快的得到利益会愿意牺牲多大，你是愿意一年后拿100美元还是现在就拿50美元呢？或者40美元？
让步的底线到底在哪里呢？

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第二
Escalation of Commitment
义务的约束
Escalation of commitment is the tendency for people to continue to support previously unsuccessful endeavors. With all the decisions people have to make, it is unavoidable that some will be unsuccessful. Of course, the logical thing to do in these instances is to change that decision or try to reverse it. However, sometimes individuals feel compelled not only to stick with their decision, but also to further invest in that decision because they have sunk costs. For example, say you use half of your life savings to start a business. After 6 months, it is evident that the business is going to be unsuccessful. The logical thing to do would be to “cut your losses” and drop the business. However, due to the sunk costs of your life savings, you feel committed to the business and invest even more money into the project hoping that the additional cash will turn the business around.
义务的约束指的就是人们会继续努力完成之前失败的事业。
人的一生要做有多决定，不可避免的会有人走错路。
从正常逻辑看来，如果陷入困境，应该要及时变通或悬崖勒马，但有时人们会觉得难以继续坚持之前的决定，并且因为已经有了牺牲，所以难以投资下去。
举例说，如果让你花费半生积蓄去创业，半年之后，眼看着你的事业就要走下坡路了，按理说来，就应该减少损失，收手不干了。然而投进了半生积蓄，这让你觉得有责任投资更多的钱以期能够咸鱼翻身，东山再起。

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第一
Placebo Effect
安慰剂效应
The Placebo effect is when an ineffectual substance that is believed to have healing properties produces the desired effect. Especially common with medications, the placebo effect has been observed when individuals given a sugar pill for a real ailment report improvement. Placebos are still a scientific mystery. It is theorized that placebos cause an “Expectancy Effect”, (In cases of uncertainty, expectation is what is most likely to happen) individuals expect the pills to cure their ailments, so they feel cured. However, this does not explain how the ineffectual pills actually cause a reduction in symptoms.
安慰剂效应是指一个没有治疗效果的物质，但如果你相信它有，就会起到一定的作用。
这在药物治疗中很常见，临床观察到，那些治疗中服用了糖丸的病人，还是取得了一定的进展。
安慰剂效应还是一个科学难题，但理论上讲安慰剂是早晨了期待效应（人在遇到不确定的情况时，事情多会朝着你期望的方向发展），因为病人希望有疗效，所以他感觉不错。但这还是不足以解释疾病症状减轻的原因。
Interesting Fact: The term “Placebo” is used when the outcomes are considered favorable, when the outcomes are negative or harmful; the term is “Nocebo”
有趣的发现：
如果结果是好的我们常用“安慰剂”这个词，但如果结果不尽如人意通常称作“反安慰剂效应”。