1. “三长”
(1)介词短语
【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。
【起止标识】标记介词短语时,要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如:at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happychildhood、over the last few years、for three weeks、to the destination
【例句】 (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours)(from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).
(2)从句
【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句,但具有主语部分和谓语部分,由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。
【起止标识】标记从句时,一定从关系词开始,到以下四种终止。
① 到句尾终止,如:Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).
② 到句中的逗号终止,如:(When I was young), I listened to the radio.
③ 到下一个修饰成分终止,如:I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing.(to Beijing是介词短语,属于另一个修饰成分,故从句的标记在此处终止)
④ 到下一个谓语动词终止,如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.
(3)非谓语动词短语
【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式,主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语,而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。
【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时,一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头,到以下四种情况终止。
① 到句尾终止,如:Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).
② 到句中的逗号终止,如:(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.
③ 到下一个修饰成分终止,如:Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to theaudience是介词短语,属于另一修饰成分。)
④ 到下一个谓语动词终止,如:We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.