Consequences
A complaint of insomnia must, by definition, include a subjective report of daytime consequences. In fact, fear of daytime sequelae fuels much concern for patients with insomnia. Reduced total sleep time without such complications suggests that the individual may be a physiologically short sleeper. The most typical subjective reports include fatigue or diminished motivation, cognitive dysfunction (reduced concentration, vigilance, short-term memory disturbance), psychological disturbance (depression, anxiety, irritability), impaired psychomotor performance, and non-specific physical complaints such as headache, musculoskeletal problems, or gastrointestinal disturbance.42,43 Objective measures of impairment do not provide unequivocal evidence of global dysfunction. Although findings of some investigations suggest reduced vigilance, psychomotor slowing, or memory disturbance, results of studies are mixed, and the degree of dysfunction is generally mild and of uncertain functional importance.2 Although we could conclude, as most individuals with insomnia do, that the daytime difficulties experienced in association with insomnia are the direct result of sleep deprivation, current evidence suggests that this conclusion might not be entirely accurate. Rather, data indicate that hyperarousal has an important role in development of the daytime symptom profile.44 Enhanced psychophysiological arousal can give rise to both sleep disturbance and daytime consequences. From a clinical perspective, this occurrence suggests that improvement in nocturnal sleep does not guarantee corresponding improvement in daytime function and that function could improve without corresponding improvement in sleep.45
The issue of sleepiness in insomnia patients deserves further comment. Sleepiness is defined by recurrent episodes of drowsiness or involuntary dozing that arise mainly in sedentary situations. This condition should not be confused with fatigue or tiredness, which are less specific terms endorsed by many insomnia patients. Although subjective reports of sleepiness are not uncommon in people with insomnia, in many studies in which the multiple sleep latency test was used as an objective measure of sleepiness, normal or even heightened levels of daytime alertness were recorded.44,46-48 Therefore, individuals with an insomnia complaint who manifest convincing evidence of genuine sleepiness should be assessed for potential causes of sleepiness, such as sleep apnoea, periodic limb movement, or primary hypersomnolence disorders.
A complaint of insomnia must, by definition, include a subjective report of daytime consequences. In fact, fear of daytime sequelae fuels much concern for patients with insomnia. Reduced total sleep time without such complications suggests that the individual may be a physiologically short sleeper. The most typical subjective reports include fatigue or diminished motivation, cognitive dysfunction (reduced concentration, vigilance, short-term memory disturbance), psychological disturbance (depression, anxiety, irritability), impaired psychomotor performance, and non-specific physical complaints such as headache, musculoskeletal problems, or gastrointestinal disturbance.42,43 Objective measures of impairment do not provide unequivocal evidence of global dysfunction. Although findings of some investigations suggest reduced vigilance, psychomotor slowing, or memory disturbance, results of studies are mixed, and the degree of dysfunction is generally mild and of uncertain functional importance.2 Although we could conclude, as most individuals with insomnia do, that the daytime difficulties experienced in association with insomnia are the direct result of sleep deprivation, current evidence suggests that this conclusion might not be entirely accurate. Rather, data indicate that hyperarousal has an important role in development of the daytime symptom profile.44 Enhanced psychophysiological arousal can give rise to both sleep disturbance and daytime consequences. From a clinical perspective, this occurrence suggests that improvement in nocturnal sleep does not guarantee corresponding improvement in daytime function and that function could improve without corresponding improvement in sleep.45
The issue of sleepiness in insomnia patients deserves further comment. Sleepiness is defined by recurrent episodes of drowsiness or involuntary dozing that arise mainly in sedentary situations. This condition should not be confused with fatigue or tiredness, which are less specific terms endorsed by many insomnia patients. Although subjective reports of sleepiness are not uncommon in people with insomnia, in many studies in which the multiple sleep latency test was used as an objective measure of sleepiness, normal or even heightened levels of daytime alertness were recorded.44,46-48 Therefore, individuals with an insomnia complaint who manifest convincing evidence of genuine sleepiness should be assessed for potential causes of sleepiness, such as sleep apnoea, periodic limb movement, or primary hypersomnolence disorders.