【科普】纳瓦拉王国

纳瓦拉王国（西班牙语：Reino de Navarra，巴斯克语：Nafarroako Erresuma，法语：Royaume de Navarre），原名潘普洛纳王国，是一个控制比利牛斯山脉大西洋沿岸土地的欧洲王国。纳瓦拉王国成立时，当地的巴斯克地区领导人伊尼戈阿里斯塔加冕为潘普洛纳国王，并领导了反抗法兰克区域政权的斗争。 南部的王国在1513年被卡斯蒂利亚征服，从而成为西班牙王国的一部分。北部部分保持独立的王国，但它在1589年与法国亨利四世联盟，1620年被并入法国。

There are similar earlier toponyms but the first documentation of Latin navarros appears in Eginhard's chronicle of the feats of Charles the Great. Other Royal Frankish Annals give nabarros. There are two proposed etymologies for the name of Navarra/Nafarroa/Naparroa:
Basque nabar (declined absolute singular nabarra): "brownish", "multicolor", which would be a contrast with the green mountain lands north of the original County of Navarre.
Basque naba, Castilian nava ("valley", "plain", present across Spain) + Basque herri ("people", "land").
The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba as not clearly Basque in origin but as part of a wider pre-Roman substrate.

The kingdom originated in the southern side of the western Pyrenees, in the flatlands around the city of Pamplona. According to Roman geographers such as Pliny the Elder and Livy, these regions were inhabited by the Vascones and other related Vasconic-Aquitanian tribes, a pre-Indo-European group of peoples who inhabited the southern slopes of the western Pyrenees and part of the shore of the Bay of Biscay. These tribes spoke an archaic version of the Basque language, usually known by linguistics as Proto-Basque, as well as some other related languages, such as the Aquitanian language. The Romans took full control of the area by 74 BC, but unlike their northern neighbors, the Aquitanians, and other tribes from the Iberian Peninsula, the Vascones negotiated their status within the Roman Empire. The region first was part of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, then of the Hispania Tarraconensis. It would be under the jurisdiction of the conventus iuridicus of Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza).

The Roman empire influenced the area in urbanization, language, infrastructure, commerce, and industry. During the Sertorian War, Pompey would command the foundation of a city in Vasconic territory, giving origin to Pompaelo, modern-day Pamplona, founded on a previously existent Vasconic town. Romanization of the Vascones led to their eventual adoption of forms of Latin that would evolve into the Navarro-Aragonese language, though the Basque language would remain widely spoken, especially in rural and mountainous areas.