原句稍作改写:Jean Piaget's theory remains (to be) the standard【which / that all other theories are judged against】. 这里是说 judge all other theories against JP's theory,which
介词against+关系代词which,表示which在从句充当的是状语成分(严格来说是构成从句状语成分的一部分,因为against也是从句状语成分的一部分),against which(=against the standard=对照此标准)两个词整体充当从句的状语,而不是主语或宾语或其他成分。因为你可以分析一下从句的成分:all other theories(主语) are judged(谓语),无需宾语,缺的是状语成分,换句话说,这里的从句单独拎出来作一个完整句子就是:All other theories are judged against the standard. 所有其他的理论都得对照这个标准来验证。