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The hit at 1616 was from a 15in at about 18,000yds range. This shell apparently APC, pierced the Bin upper side armour below No 5 starboard 5.9in gun and 83/oft above the legend water-line, making a circular hole of 21 in outer and 3 9in inner diameter. The after edge of the armour plate was forced 1'/4in to 2in outwards, and the forward edge 3/gin to 1 in, while the bin casemate plate was displaced outwards by up to 3/bin. The shell burst in an outer bunker, and the armour deck, which was here lin at main deck level with a high 2in slope, held and was not pierced, but splinters and armour fragments tore open the 1/4m inner bulkhead of the bunker towards the main deck passage, the 5/16in battery deck was bulged up and holed from below close in rear of the gun, and the 5.9in hoist was torn open by splinters. No 5 gun was out of action and immovable, and the ready ammunition caught fire so that all 12 men in the casemate were killed. Flash passed down the hoist to the magazine, badly burning two men of the magazine party, though two were unhurt. It also entered the main deck passage via the torn bunker bulkhead and caused some casualties there.
Both Nos 4 and 6 starboard 5.9in were temporarily out of action from smoke and gas, and after this cleared the leak was stopped and the only flooding was that of the outer bunker to the top of the armour deck slope for a length of 20ft. Exact details of the coal content of the bunker are lacking, but the Moltke's outer bunkers were not full, though the coal was trimmed to give protection on the outboard side.
Another 15in shell which hit at about this time, struck the side plating a little below the upper deck about 50ft forward of the stern. It passed through the ship and struck the 4in port side armour on the inside at lwl level. The shell does not appear to have exploded, but an armour plate was detached and fell off with a hole c6ft x 5ft in the hull plating inboard, and though the armour deck was intact, a considerable quantity of water entered compartments above this deck for nearly 120ft from the stern.
The hit at 162 3 was again by a 15in. The shell burst on the 103/4in armour belt, 16in above lwl, but below the actual wl, and just abaft No 2 starboard 5.9in. A piece 9in X 121/2in x23/4in deep was broken off the plate surface, and at the 5in lower edge, the plate was driven in Bin with a 3 in deep crack. The skin plating was bulged in by up to 14in for a length of 36ft and to a maximum depth of 8ft below the armour. It was also much torn and pierced in one place by a splinter, while the wing bulkhead was severely bulged. The starboard wings were flooded for 71ft, the protective bunkers for 53ft, the outer bunkers for 32ft to just above the crown of the armour deck at main deck level, and part of the double-bottom adjoining the wings for 16ft. A small amount of water also entered the protective bunkers for a further 33ft forward, but this was drained, and the bunker doors in the undamaged torpedo bulkhead which admitted a little water into Nos 3 and 4 stokeholds, were made tight. Above the water-line the torpedo-net stowage was much damaged, and the net, though undamaged, hung in the water.
The shell that hit at 1626 was also a 15in. This burst on the 103/4in armour belt, 12 in below lwl and a little abaft the main mast. The hit was 28in from the after edge of the plate. There was some spalling of the surface, and the plate, which was cl 7'/2ft long, was forced 12 in inwards at the after edge and 11/2in outward at the forward edge. The next plate aft was forced in 6'/tin at the forward edge and 1'/4in outward at the after edge. Both plates had vertical cracks in the centre area, and the armour deck slope was forced in by up to 10in for a length of 26ft. The hull plating was bulged in by up to 16in for a length of 40ft and to a maximum of Sft below the armour, and was also torn. The starboard wings were flooded for 75ft, the protective bunkers for 63 ft and, above the armour deck, the outer bunkers were flooded for 43ft to a little above the crown of the armour deck at main deck level. Small amounts of water entered the protective bunkers for some distance forward and aft of the flooding, but this was drained away. The torpedo bulkhead remained undamaged and prevented water reaching vital compartments of the ship. Above the water-line the torpedo-net stowage was torn away for 33ft, but the net was not damaged. The range of these shells which hit the main belt was about 16,500-15,500yds.
As a result of these hits the Moltke listed c3° to starboard which was corrected by counter-flooding the port wings. After this had been done, about 1000 tons of water were present in the ship with an increase in draught of c2ft Bin aft and a decrease of c8in forward, but the Moltke was able to maintain 25kts to the end. The 1616 hit by an APC shell should probably be credited to the Valiant, but it cannot be determined whether this ship or the Barham was responsible for the other 15in hits.
The three hits on the von der Tann were as follows: the first being a 15in from the Barham, and the second and third 13.Sin from the Tiger.
Moltke: 15in hit at 1616.
Moltke second 15in hit c1616.
Moltke: hit at 1623.
Hit at 1609. This shell was a CPC fired at a range of about 19,000yds, and hit 28ft from the stern at middle deck level, 3ft above the legend, and probably just below the actual wl. It struck the after side armour on the joint between the 3'/4in upper and 4in lower strakes, and also on a' oint between two upper plates, and 3ft from a joint between two lower plates. The shell burst on the armour and the explosive effect inside the ship was small, but a piece 20in x 28in was broken off the corner of an upper plate, and one 12in x Min off the corner of a lower plate with two fractures 32in distant from it. The armour plates were bent inwards by as much as 32in and also displaced, while the hull plating inboard of the armour was destroyed for a length of 6ft to the main deck and driven 5ft inward. Below the armour the hull plating was bulged inwards to a maximum of 2ft with two vertical cracks 5'/2ft long.
The hull vibrated longitudinally like a tuning-fork, and the main deck was pierced and bulged upwards apparently by armour fragments, the lower support of a 3.5in gun torn away from the middle deck, and this deck damaged and the armour deck distorted at the hull side.
Compartments on the armour deck and some on the middle deck
Moltke. hit at 1626.
Von der Tann: hit at 1609.
flooded, while a considerable quantity of water entered compartments below the armour deck, and the stern torpedo flat was half filled. The steering-engine ran hot, and the steering compartments flooded, but complete failure of the rudder gear was averted and, after a short interval, the steering gear functioned again, while it was possible to shore the bulkhead leading to the after engine. The change in the ship's draught from 29ft (fore) 28ftlOin (aft) before the battle to 28ft3in (fore), 31 ft2in (aft), with a list of 2° to starboard, after the battle, shows that over 1000 tons of water were present in the ship.
Hit at 1620. This shell struck the fore barbette armour where it was Bin thick, at an angle of about 25° to the plate normal, and 9in below the upper edge of the barbette. The range was about 17,000yds. It burst on striking the armour, and made a hole 35in x 22in at the plate edge with concentric cracks over a large area and deep cracks running to the forecastle deck, while the armour plate was somewhat bowed though the armour fastenings were undamaged. The forecastle deck, 0.3 in plus 0.6in reinforcement, distant 3'/zft from the hit, had a hole 14'/2ft x 31/oft blown in it, and the 0.3in upper deck was pierced by splinters. The turret was severely shaken, and a large piece of armour flew in and damaged equipment, so that the turret was jammed at 30° abaft the starboard beam, and was out of action for the rest of the battle. There was no fire in the turret and apparently little gas, but the magazines were at once flooded. A small fire occurred in a cabin, and the only casualties were some men slightly injured by flash from the shell burst.
Hit at 162 3. The shell struck the recessed side of the hull just above the main deck and about 3 ft forward of the centre of the after barbette. It passed through the side plating and 1 in main deck, making holes of
Von der Tann: hit at 1623.
cl6in x 20in and c35in x 16in, respectively, and then through a cabin bulkhead and a bunker longitudinal bulkhead, before bursting 40m below the main deck and 50in above the armour deck, in front of the after barbette which was here only 1.2in thick. The barbette was holed for c12ft and from the main to the armour deck, and forced against the supporting structure of the turret guns. This structure was also bowed inwards and holed in places so that the turret was jammed, and splinters put the power training and elevating gear and the power drive for the lower hoists, out of action.
A fire was started among the practice targets stowed below the turret, and clouds of dense smoke were given off, which in addition to gas, entered both steering engine rooms through torn ventilation trunks, and made them untenable for 20 minutes. The fire smouldered for some hours, and enveloped the ship in smoke. The turret magazines could not be flooded at once as the valves were buried under wreckage, but no ammunition ignited and two main and two fore charges in the working chamber, between the main and upper decks, and 6 or 7ft from the hit on the barbette, were undamaged.
The effect of the burst was mainly in the direction of the shell, and a transverse bulkhead 1Oft from the burst was relatively little damaged.
The 1 in main deck was torn upwards for c6ft x 5ft by the barbette, and the 1 in armour deck had two small holes and was bulged in close to the barbette, with two more small holes and slight bowing on the 2in slope. Among other damage the starboard longitudinal bulkhead was destroyed for 8ft, and the port one slightly bowed for 36ft, while part of the torpedo net was torn loose by the shell on entry, and trailed over the side, but was cut away before becoming entangled in the propellers. Water which entered through the hole in the side when steaming at high speed, and which leaked from damaged piping, caused some flooding on the armour and upper platform decks.
This shell which killed 6 and wounded 14, put the after turret out of action until 2000, and even then, hand operated training, elevation and lower hoists had to be used, though the upper hoists could be worked electrically.
In addition to the above damage, the 1 I in guns of the starboard wing turret, became hot and failed to run-out properly at 163 5, and the trouble was not overcome until 1930, and it seemed probable that it would recur in further firing, while the right gun of the port wing turret began to give similar trouble at 1650.
The number of hits by heavy shells on the German battlecruisers from 1548 to 1654 is estimated as follows:
The 13.5in hits are believed to have been all APC, and the 15in partly CPC and APC.
It is believed that the V29 was hit by the Petard's torpedo, and not by a heavy shell.
It is to be noted that the Moltke scored more hits in this phase of the action than the whole of the British battlecruisers. The Germans certainly had the better light conditions, but from the British point of view, one can only repeat Jellicoe's comment that the result of the first part of the battle `cannot be other than unpalatable'.
A number of hits were made by the destroyers' 4in shells, including 7 on the Derfflinger. The most destructive burst below the bridge and tore an 8ft x 41/2ft hole in the uppermost superstructure deck. The Lutzow may also have been hit by 4in shells at this time, but details are lacking, while the Seydlitz was struck by one on the starboard side armour.
Hit at 162 3. The shell struck the recessed side of the hull just above the main deck and about 3 ft forward of the centre of the after barbette. It passed through the side plating and 1 in main deck, making holes of
Von der Tann: hit at 1623.
cl6in x 20in and c35in x 16in, respectively, and then through a cabin bulkhead and a bunker longitudinal bulkhead, before bursting 40m below the main deck and 50in above the armour deck, in front of the after barbette which was here only 1.2in thick. The barbette was holed for c12ft and from the main to the armour deck, and forced against the supporting structure of the turret guns. This structure was also bowed inwards and holed in places so that the turret was jammed, and splinters put the power training and elevating gear and the power drive for the lower hoists, out of action.
A fire was started among the practice targets stowed below the turret, and clouds of dense smoke were given off, which in addition to gas, entered both steering engine rooms through torn ventilation trunks, and made them untenable for 20 minutes. The fire smouldered for some hours, and enveloped the ship in smoke. The turret magazines could not be flooded at once as the valves were buried under wreckage, but no ammunition ignited and two main and two fore charges in the working chamber, between the main and upper decks, and 6 or 7ft from the hit on the barbette, were undamaged.
The effect of the burst was mainly in the direction of the shell, and a transverse bulkhead 1Oft from the burst was relatively little damaged.
The 1 in main deck was torn upwards for c6ft x 5ft by the barbette, and the 1 in armour deck had two small holes and was bulged in close to the barbette, with two more small holes and slight bowing on the 2in slope. Among other damage the starboard longitudinal bulkhead was destroyed for 8ft, and the port one slightly bowed for 36ft, while part of the torpedo net was torn loose by the shell on entry, and trailed over the side, but was cut away before becoming entangled in the propellers. Water which entered through the hole in the side when steaming at high speed, and which leaked from damaged piping, caused some flooding on the armour and upper platform decks.
This shell which killed 6 and wounded 14, put the after turret out of action until 2000, and even then, hand operated training, elevation and lower hoists had to be used, though the upper hoists could be worked electrically.
In addition to the above damage, the 1 I in guns of the starboard wing turret, became hot and failed to run-out properly at 163 5, and the trouble was not overcome until 1930, and it seemed probable that it would recur in further firing, while the right gun of the port wing turret began to give similar trouble at 1650.
The number of hits by heavy shells on the German battlecruisers from 1548 to 1654 is estimated as follows:
The 13.5in hits are believed to have been all APC, and the 15in partly CPC and APC.
It is believed that the V29 was hit by the Petard's torpedo, and not by a heavy shell.
It is to be noted that the Moltke scored more hits in this phase of the action than the whole of the British battlecruisers. The Germans certainly had the better light conditions, but from the British point of view, one can only repeat Jellicoe's comment that the result of the first part of the battle `cannot be other than unpalatable'.
A number of hits were made by the destroyers' 4in shells, including 7 on the Derfflinger. The most destructive burst below the bridge and tore an 8ft x 41/2ft hole in the uppermost superstructure deck. The Lutzow may also have been hit by 4in shells at this time, but details are lacking, while the Seydlitz was struck by one on the starboard side armour.
Neither the Molike nor the von der Tann were hit, but in the latter, the last turret (port wing) broke down at 1715, as the guns jammed, and would no longer run-out after recoil, the right gun having previously done so for c20 minutes from 1650. The trouble was overcome by 1830 though it was liable to recur, and meanwhile the von der Tann had only her secondary battery.
One of the ten hits from heavy shells received by the Konig during the battle was at 1803, though this was apparently by a large fragment of a 15in short and not a direct hit. It made a hole c20in x 8in in the sheer-strake near the bows on the port side, and went overboard without causing further damage. Two other hits from fragments were
Markgraf: hit at 1710.
recorded at this time. The 4-bin hits on the Konig from the 2nd LCS were all on the side armour, two on 8in and two on 14in, between the after funnel and `X' barbette, and had little or no effect.
The Grosser Kurfurst was hit once by a 15in at 1709, and the Markgraf three times by 151n shells during this phase, but the time of only one hit, that at 1710, is known. There is no detailed description surviving of the hit on the Grosser Kurfurst, but the shell struck the water 30-60ft from the hull. It is not clear whether it burst or ricochetted, but the former is probable, and the fragments apparently struck the 6in port side armour c85ft from the bows with little effect.
One hit on the Markgraf was by a shell which passed through the starboard derrick-post near the top without exploding, and another shell similarly passed through the foremast 60ft above water. At the date of the battle the Markgraf had a thin `pole' foremast which was nearly cut in two, but remained standing.
The hit at 1710 was on a joint between two plates of the 8in after side armour, 77ft forward of the stern and on the Iwl.
The shell burst had no effect inside the ship, but the armour was holed and large pieces broken from both plates, which were forced in 21/4 In at the upper edge. The hull plating was bulged in under water for a length of 25ft, and to a depth of 8ft below the lower edge of the armour deck slope, and was also torn at the joints. The armour deck was undamaged but the main deck was buckled, and an armour fragment pierced two longitudinal bulkheads, the main deck and the starboard hull plating, a total of over 1'/tin in addition to cabin bulkheads. One compartment above the armour deck was flooded, and the wardroom and several cabins on the main and armour decks wrecked, while there was some further flooding below the armour deck, and about 400 tons of water remained in the ship as a result of this hit.
The number of hits by heavy shells on the German ships from 1654 to 1815 is estimated as follows:
In addition there were about three 12in hits on the 2nd Scouting Group from the 3rd BCS, of which one was on the Pillau and the remainder on the Wiesbaden. It is not possible to assign the 151n hits to individual ships, but the Barham and Valiant can be credited with those on the 1st SG, and the Warspite and Malaya with the others.
One of the ten hits from heavy shells received by the Konig during the battle was at 1803, though this was apparently by a large fragment of a 15in short and not a direct hit. It made a hole c20in x 8in in the sheer-strake near the bows on the port side, and went overboard without causing further damage. Two other hits from fragments were
Markgraf: hit at 1710.
recorded at this time. The 4-bin hits on the Konig from the 2nd LCS were all on the side armour, two on 8in and two on 14in, between the after funnel and `X' barbette, and had little or no effect.
The Grosser Kurfurst was hit once by a 15in at 1709, and the Markgraf three times by 151n shells during this phase, but the time of only one hit, that at 1710, is known. There is no detailed description surviving of the hit on the Grosser Kurfurst, but the shell struck the water 30-60ft from the hull. It is not clear whether it burst or ricochetted, but the former is probable, and the fragments apparently struck the 6in port side armour c85ft from the bows with little effect.
One hit on the Markgraf was by a shell which passed through the starboard derrick-post near the top without exploding, and another shell similarly passed through the foremast 60ft above water. At the date of the battle the Markgraf had a thin `pole' foremast which was nearly cut in two, but remained standing.
The hit at 1710 was on a joint between two plates of the 8in after side armour, 77ft forward of the stern and on the Iwl.
The shell burst had no effect inside the ship, but the armour was holed and large pieces broken from both plates, which were forced in 21/4 In at the upper edge. The hull plating was bulged in under water for a length of 25ft, and to a depth of 8ft below the lower edge of the armour deck slope, and was also torn at the joints. The armour deck was undamaged but the main deck was buckled, and an armour fragment pierced two longitudinal bulkheads, the main deck and the starboard hull plating, a total of over 1'/tin in addition to cabin bulkheads. One compartment above the armour deck was flooded, and the wardroom and several cabins on the main and armour decks wrecked, while there was some further flooding below the armour deck, and about 400 tons of water remained in the ship as a result of this hit.
The number of hits by heavy shells on the German ships from 1654 to 1815 is estimated as follows:
In addition there were about three 12in hits on the 2nd Scouting Group from the 3rd BCS, of which one was on the Pillau and the remainder on the Wiesbaden. It is not possible to assign the 151n hits to individual ships, but the Barham and Valiant can be credited with those on the 1st SG, and the Warspite and Malaya with the others.
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